B. Joseph Guglielmo, PharmD

Dean Emeritus
Clinical Pharmacy
+1 415 476-8010

B. Joseph Guglielmo, PharmD, is a pharmacist, clinical scientist, teacher, and international expert in the evidence-based use of antimicrobials to treat infections.

He was named dean of the UCSF School of Pharmacy in 2012 and holds the Troy C. Daniels Distinguished Professorship in Pharmaceutical Science.

As dean, Guglielmo oversees the activities and progress of three departments; a campus organized research unit; and a dean’s office charged with School administration and finance, strategic planning, communications, academic affairs, and the development and delivery of a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree program. His leadership as dean actively supports the distinguishing UCSF concept of One UCSF and upholds the institution’s PRIDE values.

During his tenure as dean, the School of Pharmacy has remained the top recipient among pharmacy schools nationwide of research dollars from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and its PharmD degree program has remained among the top-rated such programs in the nation.

Guglielmo initiated a transformation of the PharmD degree program, which welcomed its first class in 2018. The program’s foundation of scientific thinking evolves from the distinctive scientific mindset of the faculty, and the faculty’s drive to seek and apply new knowledge across research, education, and patient care.

Guglielmo is widely known as an advocate for therapeutics-related research, from basic science to health policy research. As chair of the School's Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Guglielmo oversaw a 40 percent increase in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy’s faculty research funding. He created the department-run Medication Outcomes Center in 2007 to improve medication use at UCSF Health and beyond. In the late 1980s he developed the UCSF Medical Center Antimicrobial Stewardship Program to ensure the safe, effective use of antimicrobials, focusing upon decreasing antimicrobial resistance. The program was one of the earliest programs of its kind in the United States.

As patients seek new and cost-effective health care with increasingly complicated disease states and medications, Guglielmo advocates for research on new ways for pharmacists to care for patients, especially in the community. He also supports strong relationships among clinical scientists and their upstream basic and translational scientist colleagues, as demonstrated through his own collaborations. Guglielmo has been actively involved in the UCSF Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) from its inception and during its renewal; he has also served as past associate director of the CTSI Mentor Development Program.

His personal research agenda involves the safe, effective, and appropriate use of antimicrobials, as well as the pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacokinetics of anti-infective agents. He is the author of numerous peer-reviewed papers, book chapters, and abstracts, the majority related to anti-infective agents.

He believes that the most important clinical research is shaped through the researcher’s own clinical experiences. Together with his administrative, research, and teaching responsibilities, he continues to be active as an infectious diseases pharmacist supporting the UCSF Medical Center Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and serving on the Infectious Diseases Consult Service team. These experiences continue to provide the background for important hypothesis-centered research on the safe, effective use of antimicrobials.

Beyond the hospital, Guglielmo developed clinical pharmacy services for UCSF HIV/AIDS programs, specifically for the HIV Women's Program and the Men of Color Program.

Guglielmo has taught doctor of pharmacy students, pharmacy residents and fellows, medical students and residents, and infectious diseases fellows for decades, and he has mentored infectious diseases specialty pharmacist residents and fellows continuously since 1986. He has also mentored a number of international scholars, including Fogarty fellows.

He is the recipient of many teaching awards, including the UCSF Lifetime Achievement in Mentoring Award, Resident Preceptor of the Year Awards, UCSF School of Pharmacy Long Teaching Awards, and UCSF Academic Senate Distinction in Teaching Award. He is a fellow of the American College Clinical Pharmacy and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Guglielmo earned a PharmD from the University of Southern California in 1978 and completed a PharmD residency at UCSF in 1979.

Publications: 

Metronidazole neurotoxicity: suspicions confirmed.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Guglielmo BJ

The Colchicine Debacle Revisited.

JAMA internal medicine

Guglielmo BJ

Medication-related problems during transfer from hospital to home care: baseline data from Switzerland.

International journal of clinical pharmacy

Meyer-Massetti C, Hofstetter V, Hedinger-Grogg B, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ

The scope of drug-related problems in the home care setting.

International journal of clinical pharmacy

Meyer-Massetti C, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ

Incidence and Risk Factors for Vancomycin Nephrotoxicity in Acutely Ill Pediatric Patients.

The Journal of pharmacy technology : jPT : official publication of the Association of Pharmacy Technicians

Woldu H, Guglielmo BJ

Assessment of blood-brain barrier penetration of miltefosine used to treat a fatal case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis possibly caused by an unusual Balamuthia mandrillaris strain.

Parasitology research

Roy SL, Atkins JT, Gennuso R, Kofos D, Sriram RR, Dorlo TP, Hayes T, Qvarnstrom Y, Kucerova Z, Guglielmo BJ, Visvesvara GS

Pediatric medication administration errors and workflow following implementation of a bar code medication administration system.

Journal for healthcare quality : official publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality

Hardmeier A, Tsourounis C, Moore M, Abbott WE, Guglielmo BJ

Every 36-h gentamicin dosing in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia.

Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association

Frymoyer A, Lee S, Bonifacio SL, Meng L, Lucas SS, Guglielmo BJ, Sun Y, Verotta D

Co-administration of a commonly used Zimbabwean herbal treatment (African potato) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

Gwaza L, Aweeka F, Greenblatt R, Lizak P, Huang L, Guglielmo BJ

Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and dosing in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia.

Pharmacotherapy

Frymoyer A, Meng L, Bonifacio SL, Verotta D, Guglielmo BJ

The colchicine debacle.

JAMA internal medicine

Guglielmo BJ

Improved antiretroviral refill adherence in HIV-focused community pharmacies.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

Cocohoba JM, Murphy P, Pietrandoni G, Guglielmo BJ

Impact of HIV-specialized pharmacies on adherence and persistence with antiretroviral therapy.

AIDS patient care and STDs

Murphy P, Cocohoba J, Tang A, Pietrandoni G, Hou J, Guglielmo BJ

Short term impact of guidelines on vancomycin dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring.

International journal of clinical pharmacy

Swartling M, Gupta R, Dudas V, Guglielmo BJ

Boxed warning inconsistencies between drug information resources and the prescribing information.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Cheng CM, Fu C, Guglielmo BJ, Auerbach AD

Impact of a hospitalwide increase in empiric pediatric vancomycin dosing on initial trough concentrations.

Pharmacotherapy

Frymoyer A, Guglielmo BJ, Wilson SD, Scarpace SB, Benet LZ, Hersh AL

A critical appraisal of and recommendations for faculty development.

American journal of pharmaceutical education

Guglielmo BJ, Edwards DJ, Franks AS, Naughton CA, Schonder KS, Stamm PL, Thornton P, Popovich NG

Comparative safety of antipsychotics in the WHO pharmacovigilance database: the haloperidol case.

International journal of clinical pharmacy

Meyer-Massetti C, Vaerini S, Rätz Bravo AE, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ

Systematic review of medication safety assessment methods.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Meyer-Massetti C, Cheng CM, Schwappach DL, Paulsen L, Ide B, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ

National estimates and predictors of prescription medication sample use in the United States, 1999-2005.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

Macdougall C, Udkow T, Guglielmo BJ, Vittinghoff E, Martin J

Risk factors and risk adjustment for surgical site infections in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients.

American journal of infection control

Sohn AH, Schwartz JM, Yang KY, Jarvis WR, Guglielmo BJ, Weintrub PS

Coverage of FDA medication boxed warnings in commonly used drug information resources.

Archives of internal medicine

Cheng CM, Guglielmo BJ, Maselli J, Auerbach AD

Possible neuropsychiatric reaction to high-dose oseltamivir during acute 2009 H1N1 influenza A infection.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Nakamura K, Schwartz BS, Lindegårdh N, Keh C, Guglielmo BJ

The FDA extended warning for intravenous haloperidol and torsades de pointes: how should institutions respond?

Journal of hospital medicine

Meyer-Massetti C, Cheng CM, Sharpe BA, Meier CR, Guglielmo BJ

Development of daptomycin-susceptible, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia during high-dose daptomycin therapy.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Koplowicz YB, Schwartz BS, Guglielmo BJ

Voriconazole is safe and effective as prophylaxis for early and late fungal infections following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society

Martin T, Sharma M, Damon L, Kaplan L, Guglielmo BJ, Working M, O'Malley R, Hwang J, Linker C

Training the next generation of research mentors: the University of California, San Francisco, Clinical & Translational Science Institute Mentor Development Program.

Clinical and translational science

Feldman MD, Huang L, Guglielmo BJ, Jordan R, Kahn J, Creasman JM, Wiener-Kronish JP, Lee KA, Tehrani A, Yaffe K, Brown JS

Five years later: re-examining the financial burden of boosting with Norvir.

AIDS (London, England)

Marquez C, Guglielmo BJ, Klausner JD

Antimicrobial stewardship programs: interventions and associated outcomes.

Expert review of anti-infective therapy

Patel D, Lawson W, Guglielmo BJ

Feasibility of minocycline and doxycycline use as potential vasculostatic therapy for brain vascular malformations: pilot study of adverse events and tolerance.

Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

Frenzel T, Lee CZ, Kim H, Quinnine NJ, Hashimoto T, Lawton MT, Guglielmo BJ, McCulloch CE, Young WL

Discordance between ambulatory care clinic and community pharmacy medication databases for HIV-positive patients.

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

Robinson CA, Cocohoba J, MacDougall C, John MD, Guglielmo BJ

Antifungal prophylaxis in chemotherapy-associated neutropenia: a retrospective, observational study.

BMC infectious diseases

Riedel A, Choe L, Inciardi J, Yuen C, Martin T, Guglielmo BJ

In vivo effect of I'm-Yunity on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4.

Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy

Nicandro JP, Tsourounis C, Frassetto L, Guglielmo BJ

Quinacrine is mainly metabolized to mono-desethyl quinacrine by CYP3A4/5 and its brain accumulation is limited by P-glycoprotein.

Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals

Huang Y, Okochi H, May BC, Legname G, Prusiner SB, Benet LZ, Guglielmo BJ, Lin ET

Pharmacological advances in the treatment of invasive candidiasis.

Expert review of anti-infective therapy

Deck DH, Guglielmo BJ

Dose-response effect of tetracyclines on cerebral matrix metalloproteinase-9 after vascular endothelial growth factor hyperstimulation.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Lee CZ, Yao JS, Huang Y, Zhai W, Liu W, Guglielmo BJ, Lin E, Yang GY, Young WL

Impact of a series of interventions in vancomycin prescribing on use and prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

Joint Commission journal on quality and patient safety

Guglielmo BJ, Dudas V, Maewal I, Young R, Hilts A, Villmann M, Gibbs L, Gropper M, Jacobs R

Antimicrobial drug prescribing for pneumonia in ambulatory care.

Emerging infectious diseases

MacDougall C, Guglielmo BJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R

Pharmacokinetics of quinacrine in the treatment of prion disease.

BMC infectious diseases

Yung L, Huang Y, Lessard P, Legname G, Lin ET, Baldwin M, Prusiner SB, Ryou C, Guglielmo BJ

Pharmacokinetics of valaciclovir.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

MacDougall C, Guglielmo BJ

Compliance in two medical centers with criteria for use of caspofungin and lipid-based amphotericin B.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Bower AN, Tang HM, Guglielmo BJ

Impact of emerging technologies on medication errors and adverse drug events.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Oren E, Shaffer ER, Guglielmo BJ

Intra- and interindividual variabilities of valacyclovir oral bioavailability and effect of coadministration of an hPEPT1 inhibitor.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Phan DD, Chin-Hong P, Lin ET, Anderle P, Sadee W, Guglielmo BJ

Pharmacy-based intervention to reduce antibiotic use for acute bronchitis.

The Annals of pharmacotherapy

Hickman DE, Stebbins MR, Hanak JR, Guglielmo BJ

Characteristics of antimicrobial overrides associated with automated dispensing machines.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Oren E, Griffiths LP, Guglielmo BJ

Patient education for H pylori: who benefits?

The Western journal of medicine

Yang K, Guglielmo BJ

Antimicrobial therapy of gram-negative bacteremia at two university-affiliated medical centers.

The American journal of medicine

Graff LR, Franklin KK, Witt L, Cohen N, Jacobs RA, Tompkins L, Guglielmo BJ

Restricted access to automated dispensing machines for surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Botwin KJ, Chan J, Jacobs R, Guglielmo BJ

Impact of an intravenous fluconazole restriction policy on patient outcomes.

The Annals of pharmacotherapy

Burkiewicz JS, Kostiuk KA, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

Ceftriaxone therapy for staphylococcal osteomyelitis: a review.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Guglielmo BJ, Luber AD, Paletta D, Jacobs RA

Prevention of adverse events in hospitalized patients using an antimicrobial review program.

The Western journal of medicine

Guglielmo BJ, Luber AD, Corelli RL, Flaherty JF, Jacobs RA

Risk factors for amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Luber AD, Maa L, Lam M, Guglielmo BJ

Use of antimicrobial agents in patients with cardiovascular disease.

The Journal of cardiovascular nursing

Guglielmo BJ

Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ceftizoxime in abscess fluid.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Guglielmo BJ, Kostiuk KA, Pons VG

Aerosolization of imipenem/cilastatin prevents pseudomonas-induced acute lung injury.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Hashimoto S, Wolfe E, Guglielmo B, Shanks R, Sundelof J, Pittet JF, Thomas E, Wiener-Kronish J

Hypothermia following the intravenous administration of amphotericin B.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Barlows TG, Luber AD, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

Aerosolized amphotericin B in prophylaxis of pulmonary aspergillosis.

The Annals of pharmacotherapy

Tsourounis C, Guglielmo BJ

Impact of dosage-monitoring system on frequency of seizures associated with imipenem-cilastatin.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Guglielmo BJ, Jacobs RA

Pharmacokinetics of once-daily versus thrice daily tobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Guglielmo BJ, Quan LA, Stulbarg MS

Practical strategies for the appropriate use of antimicrobials.

Pharmacy world & science : PWS

Guglielmo BJ

Influence of timing of antibiotic administration on tissue concentrations during surgery.

American journal of surgery

Wong-Beringer A, Corelli RL, Schrock TR, Guglielmo BJ

Sterility of unit dose syringes of filgrastim and sargramostim.

American journal of hospital pharmacy

Singh RF, Corelli RL, Guglielmo BJ

Penetration of fluconazole into abscess fluid.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Kostiuk KA, Pons VG, Guglielmo BJ

Immune globulin therapy in allogeneic bone marrow transplant: a critical review.

Bone marrow transplantation

Guglielmo BJ, Wong-Beringer A, Linker CA

Systemic absorption of oral fluconazole after gastrointestinal resection.

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy

Joe LA, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

The new macrolides. Azithromycin and clarithromycin.

The Western journal of medicine

Kanatani MS, Guglielmo BJ

Nosocomial funguria: resultant morbidity and therapeutic intervention.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

Ceftizoxime versus vancomycin and gentamicin in neurosurgical prophylaxis: a randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study.

Neurosurgery

Pons VG, Denlinger SL, Guglielmo BJ, Octavio J, Flaherty J, Derish PA, Wilson CB

Comment; ceftizoxime versus vancomycin and gentamicin in neurosurgical prophylaxis.

Neurosurgery

Pons VG, Denlinger SL, Guglielmo BJ, Octavio J, Flaherty J, Derish PA, Wilson CB

Home antibiotic therapy for streptococcal endocarditis: a call for a controlled trial.

The American journal of medicine

Colford JM, Corelli RL, Ganz JW, Guglielmo BJ, Jacobs RA

Treatment of funguria.

JAMA

Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ

Medication usage patterns in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a comparison of patient-reported medication usage with medical chart review.

DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy

Corelli RL, Guglielmo BJ, Kapusnik-Uner JE, McMaster JR, Greenblatt RM

Iodine toxicity secondary to continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation in dogs.

The Journal of surgical research

Glick PL, Guglielmo BJ, Winter ME, Finkbeiner W, Turley K

Antibiotic prophylaxis in cesarean section.

DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy

Glick M, Guglielmo BJ

What is the clinical role of aerosolized ribavirin?

DICP : the annals of pharmacotherapy

Hebert MF, Guglielmo BJ

Experience with selective reporting of susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

American journal of hospital pharmacy

Brodowy BA, Guglielmo BJ, York MK, Herfindal ET, Brooks GF

Microbiology and antibiotics in infectious abdominal emergencies.

Emergency medicine clinics of North America

Tam J, Guglielmo BJ

Pharmacist-managed drug therapy in California hospitals.

American journal of hospital pharmacy

Guglielmo BJ, Schweigert BF, Kishi DT

Effect of surgical blood loss and volume replacement on antibiotic pharmacokinetics.

The Annals of thoracic surgery

Sue D, Salazar TA, Turley K, Guglielmo BJ

The exposure of health care workers to ribavirin aerosol.

JAMA

Guglielmo BJ, Jacobs RA, Locksley RM

Altered pharmacokinetics of antibiotics during vascular surgery.

American journal of surgery

Guglielmo BJ, Salazar TA, Rodondi LC, Carver M, Goldstone J, Stoney RJ

Comparative pharmacokinetics and serum inhibitory activity of clindamycin in different dosing regimens.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Flaherty JF, Rodondi LC, Guglielmo BJ, Fleishaker JC, Townsend RJ, Gambertoglio JG

Comparison of antibiotic activities by using serum bactericidal activity over time.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Guglielmo BJ, Rodondi LC

Effect of protein binding on serum bactericidal activities of ceftazidime and cefoperazone in healthy volunteers.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Lam YW, Duroux MH, Gambertoglio JG, Barriere SL, Guglielmo BJ

Assessing Exposures of Health-care Personnel to Aerosols of Ribavirin-California

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports

R.J. Harrison, J. Bellows, D. Rempel, L. Rudolph, K. Kizer, A. Jin, B.J. Guglielmo

Comparison of Antibiotic Activity Using Serum Bactericidal Activity Over Time

Antimicrob. Agents Chemother

B.J. Guglielmo and L.C. Rodondi

Effect of Protein Binding on Serum Bactericidal Activities of Ceftazidime and Cefoperazone in Healthy Volunteers

Antimicrob. Agents Chemother9. Effect of Protein Binding on Serum Bactericidal Activities of Ceftazidime and Cefoperazone in Healthy Volunteers

Y.W.F. Lam, M.H. Duroux, J.G. Gambertoglio, S.L. Barriere, and B.J. Guglielmo

Severe Hypersensitivity Reaction Upon Rechallenge With Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a Patient With AIDS

Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 22, 43-45 (1988).

P.A. Arnold, B.J. Guglielmo, and H. Hollander

Severe hypersensitivity reaction upon rechallenge with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a patient with AIDS.

Drug intelligence & clinical pharmacy

Arnold PA, Guglielmo BJ, Hollander H

We are Concerned About Ribavirin Exposure

Resp. Care

M.J. Mahlmeister, B.J. Guglielmo, and R. Harrison

Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone and tobramycin alone and in combination.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Guglielmo BJ, Flaherty JF, Woods TM, LaFollette G, Gambertoglio JG

Pharmacokinetics of Cefoperazone and Tobramycin Alone and in Combination

Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother

B.J. Guglielmo, J.F. Flaherty, T.M. Woods, G. LaFollette, and J.G. Gambertoglio

Comparative pharmacokinetics of low- and high-dose ticarcillin.

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Guglielmo BJ, Flaherty JF, Batman R, Barriere SL, Gambertoglio JG

Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Low- and High-Dose Ticarcillin

Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother

B.J. Guglielmo, J.F. Flaherty, R. Batman, S.L. Barriere, and J.G. Gambertoglio

Iodine toxicity in a patient treated by continuous povidone-iodine mediastinal irrigation.

The Annals of thoracic surgery

Glick PL, Guglielmo BJ, Tranbaugh RF, Turley K

Iodine Toxicity in a Patient Treated by Continuous Povidone-Iodine Mediastinal Irrigation

Ann. Thorac. Surg

P.L. Glick, B.J. Guglielmo, R.F. Tranbaugh, and K. Turley

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Surgical Procedures. A Critical Analysis of the Literature

Arch. Surg

B.J. Guglielmo, D.C. Hohn, P.J. Koo, T.K. Hunt, R.C. Sweet, and J.E. Conte

Excessive Potassium Depletion with Metolazone and Furosemide

Clin. Pharm

W.A. Kehoe and B.J. Guglielmo

Prolonged Diarrhea Secondary to Methyldopa Therapy

Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm

B.D. Quart and B.J. Guglielmo

Theophylline elixir, moxalactam, and a disulfiram reaction.

Annals of internal medicine

Brown KR, Guglielmo BJ, Pons VG, Jacobs RA

Theophylline Elixir, Moxalactam, and a Disulfiram Reaction

Ann. Int. Med.

K.R. Brown, B.J. Guglielmo, V.G. Pons, and R.A. Jacobs